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LAWN TE^NNIS, 

AND 

MOV/ TO PLAY IT. 



OLIVER S. CAMFBELLj 

Champion of America, 



THE court; the racket; the ball; clothing, training and 

HYGIENE ; THE SINGLE GAME ; THE DOUBLE GAME ; LAWN TENNIS 

AS A GAME FOR WOMEN; A FEW REMARKS ON TOURNAMENTS 

AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ; RECORDS OF 1892 ; RULES OF THE 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL LAWN TENNIS ASSOCIATION. 



ILLUSTRATIONS : 



THE court; INOORBBCT METHOD OF HOLDING THE RACKET; POSITION 

of racket in making the four-hand stroke; position of 

racket in making the back-hand stroke; position of ' 

racket in making the half volley; the single 

game; serving; receiving; the base line 

game; the net game; the double game. 



published by the 

AnERlCAH SPORTS PUBLISHIHQ COnPAHY, 

SAl Broodviray,^ New Yarl* City. 



Jt^^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1893, by 

The Amebican Spobts Publishing Co., 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



"^"^0^ 



LAWN TENNIS. 



THE COUBT. . 

The familiar recipe for making rabbit stew says that you must 
first catch your rabbit; likewise in playing lawn tennis you must 
first have your court. ^ ^, ^ i. 

courts may be of three kinds-clay, dirt, and turf or gya««. the tot 
being the rarest, the second the most common and the last the best. 
The first fundamentol principle of a tennis court is that It must be 
level, and the second and equally as necessary that It be smooth, 
bcientific tennis cannot be played on the side of a h II, neither is a 
polo held conducive to skillful work. This consideration cannot bo 
too forcibly Impressed upon the beginner or devotee and a piece of 
ground thlt at%rst sight seems pertectiy horizontal ^"upon in- 
vestigation be found to vary a foot or more from the strict level. 
See that your court is absolutely true to start with, tor « yo« do not 
you will never make It a flrst-class one, however much labor you 
spend upon its subsequent improvement. »,,„„.„ fh„ 

The first expense of a clay court Is greater perhaps than in the 
case of either of the other two styles and experience has not made it 
atevorlte with expert players. The hard surface is veryt^ngto . 
the feet and the high bound of the light ball does not conduce to the 
better grade of scientific play. The most perfect examples of these 
courS Ire to be found In those of the Far and Near Club, of Hastings- 
Tnudson, and that of Dr. Havens, at Nahant, Massachusetts, on 
which the annual Nahant invitation competition is played A brief 
deiription of the latter will serve as a good illustration of how the 
tSX court is made. The space to be occupied is ^st laid out 
and then the whole area excavated to a depth of about three feet. 
wfthintlUs was first laid a layer of good ^^^ '^^''- 'f^^"^ Zt 
cessivelyby layers of smaller stones, gravel and sand, the whole 
b^!ng compactly pounded down and topped off by a layer of a mU- 



i LAWN TENNIS 

ture of clay and loam. Heavy rollers were then used for some time 
to harden the surface, the result being as nearly perfect court of this 
kind that It is possible to make. From the description it will be 
easily understood that such {a, court has peculiarly rapid drainage 
qualities, and can be put in condition to be played upon within a 
comparatively short time after a heavy rain. 

Dirt courts are sometimes built after the same macadamized pro- 
cess as in the care of clay, but by far the commonest kind are made 
by simply leveling off the original soil and hardening it by means of 
heavy rollers and pounding. On the very top a thin layer of what is 
known as "binding gravel" is often spread with successful results. 
A dirt court would seem to be the only.practicable style for the pur- 
pose of accommodating a club of considerable size, as constant play 
on a turf court will cause it to wear very thin in certain spots, and a 
good dirt'court is much superior to'a bald grass one. The Imperfec- 
tions of a dirt court are its dustiness in very dry weather— which is 
partially obviated by constant watering— and the length of time it 
takes to dry after a rain. The latter fault can only be remedied by 
a careful preparation of the foundation as in the case of the Nahant 
clay court. A dirt court is advised as the best, except where the con- 
ditions for a turf or grass one are especially favorable. 

Lawn tennis, as its name indicates, began on grass lawns and such 
is the ideal surface for its fullest development. The turf itself should 
be hard and firm — or made so by careful rolling— and the grass 
should be of as good a quality as possible andjkept carefully cut. The 
gardener or groundsman, if he knows his business, will by watchful 
care and judicious seeding reinforce any sparsely grown spots and 
gradually improve ^the thickness and quality of the grass already 
there. A grass lawn does not mean one liberally besprinkled with 
dandelion roots or weeds and all such^should be carefully weeded out. 
The difference between an English turf court and one made with 
similar care in this country is very marked, the more moist climate 
of Great Britain producing a much more luxuriant growth of grass 
than the dryer conditions of the United States. The low bound of 
the ball on the soft carpet-like lawns of England make the game an 
almost entirely different one and this fact together with the effect of 
the change of climate serves to handicap the experts of one country 
on the courts of the other. 

We will now suppose that we have prepared our ground, be it 
clay, dirt or grass and are all ready to lay out the court itself. We 



iiAWN 1?BNN1S. 



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TME COURT 



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6 LAWN TENNIS. 

will prepare ourselves with tape line and stakes and begin by plac- 
ing a stake (A) at one comer of the proposed court, keeping in mind 
the necessity of leaving enough space between such corner and any 
stationary obstacle, such as a tree or fence. Form the edge of a tri- 
angle on your tape line, by using the distances three, four and five 
feet respectively, and place the point of the right angle so formed on 
the stake A. The other points will therefore fall on B and C. Now, 
fastening one end of your tape to the stake A, lay out the line A E 
78 feet in length. At right angles to A E lay out A F 27 feet in length 
and at right angles to A E lay out E G, also 27 feet. "We now have a 
perfect parallelogram. [On the lines A E and F G stake out the points 
X, Y and Z, distant respectively from A and F 18, 39 and 60 feet 
From the points P and Q in the center of the lines X X and Z Zlay 
out the line P Q ; and the net being stretched across at Y Y, your 
single tennis court is complete. 

The double court is made by drawing two lines on theToutside 
parallel to A E and F G 4>^ feet distant from them and extending the 
lines A F and G E. 

The lines G E and F A are known as the base lines ; G F and A E as 
the side lines ; X X and Z Z as the service lines, and P Q as the middle 
line. It is much better to completely lay out your court with stakes 
and twine before beginning to mark it;^hen mark it, removing the 
courts and stakes. The marking fluid consists of a twenty per cent. 
solution of whiting and may be applied either with a common white- 
wash brush or by means of the many patent appliances, some of 
which are most convenient and practicable. The lines should be as 
clear and distinct as possible about 1}4 inches in width. There 
are several styles of good net poles for sale, and in the case of dirt or 
clay courts, stationery posts^'may be used, firmly fixed in founda- 
tions, say two or three feet deep. The top of ;the net .is required to 
be three feet from the ground in the middle of the court and 33^ feet 
at the ends. It is advisable to have a strip of white cotton cloth 
about three inches wide running along the top of the net as it greatly 
improves the sight. An iron prong three feet high is most convene 
lent to maintain the exact height of the net in the middle and may 
be procured of any dealer in tennis supplies. 

Baok-net or stop nets are large nettings placed at the ends of 
the court some distance from the base lines, their object being to 
stop the past balls and save the annoyance of traveling after them. 
Be sure that your back-nets as well as seats for spectators are re- 



LAWN TENNIS. 




fposnToNOP RPvCKET ih'makino 
■ ~ TMD rOREMAND STROKE^ 



8 liAWN TENNIS. 

moved to such a distance from the lines as by no possibility will 
they be liable to interfere with the play. Too often is this important 
consideration lost sight of in club courts as well as private ones, and 
one of the most enterprising and hospitable clubs of the country 
has rather fallen into dislike among many of the experts simply 
from this very fact of having the stop-nets in too close proximity to 
the court. 

A club court requires the constant attention of a skilled grounds- 
man to obtain the best results, and should be carefully rolled, watered 
and marked each lay. This remark applies equally as well to a pri- 
vate court, if anything more than a fashionable ornament is desired. 



THE EAOKET. 

A lawn tennis racket is something more than a fish or butterfly 
net, the general popular opinion to the contrary notwithstanding. 
In appearance it is simply a frame of wood surrounding a small area 




liiCOl^^ QrKOLDIMCl. 



of tightly interwoven rawhide, and having a handle about fifteen 
inches long. Kackets may be purchased at prices ranging from 
three to eight dollars. The truest economy is to purchase a first- 
class racket at the start and then take the best care of it, as much as 
you would of a banjo or violin. If you expect to leave it out over 
night in the rain or dew, as you would a baseball bat, the less you 
pay for one the better. As regards weight, the only advice I can give 
is to select a well balanced racket, which suits your strength of wrist. 
The weight of a racket varies from 133^ to 15 ounces, and it is better 
to have one that is too light rather than the other extreme. For a 
girl I should seldome advise the use of a racket over 16>^ ounces, and 



LAWN TENNIS. 9 

even a trifle lighter one is to be preferred. The average weight for a 
man's racket is 14K ounces, and in rare cases 15 ounces. 

How should the racket be held? This is about as easy to say as to 
tell an orator how to use his arms in gesticulating. Mr. Richard D. 
Sears, who for six years held the American championship and was 
never defeated in a championship match, said that he never knew 
just how he did hold his racket; but when he saw the ball coming 
towards him he instinctively knew what he was going to do, and 
went about doing it without thinking anything about his positions. 
In my opinion there are only two distinctive positions in which the 
racket is held, all others being a modification of either one or the 
other. The first is taken in making what is known as the freehand 
stroke, the other in making the backhand stroke. The position of 
the wrist, fingers and racket can be better understood from the 
sketches than by several pages of description. 

There is absolutely no hard and fast rule to be laid down as to the 
exact place |to grasp '.the racket. Many experts grasp it at the 
very end of the handle while others hold it some inches from the end. 
In serving the ball the former position is perhaps best, but in making 
other strokes hold the racket at that part of the handle that seems 
most convenient. 



THE BALL. 

The ball is a small hollow rubber sphere covered with a white fa- 
bric, and measures 2K inches in diameter. It should weigh exactly 
2 ounces. 

My only advice on this subject is to use new balls as often as you 
can afford them. Balls should never be left on the court over night. 



TRAINING, CLOTHING AND HYGIENE. 

As in every other sport or occupation, the man who keeps himself 
in the best physical condition stands the best chance of success, other 
things being equal. To play lawn tennis expertly requires the cool, 
delicate nerve of the billiard player, combined with the physical 
strength necessary to sustain the strain of three or four hours' most 
active and exhausting exertion. The general rules applicable to 
training apply equally as well in the case of lawn tennis. Plenty of 
good, plain, wholesome food, a full amount of sleep and regular 



10 



IiATTN TENKIS 




POSITION OF RACKET IN M^KlNCi^ 
THE BACKHAND 5TRQKE^ 



liAWN TENNIS. 



11 



practice, ar© the chief desiderata. Do not play too soon after or just 
before meals. Be regular in your practice ; three to five sets each 
day is sufficient. Avoid overdoing in the hot sun and stop at the first 
premonition of distress. To generalize, take as good care of yourself 
as you know how, and do not let your enthusiasm run away with 
your common sense. 

I have many times been asked "What is the best refreshment to 
take during a match?" and my answer invariably is water. Ginger 
ale, or the several kinds of mineral waters are not objectionable, but 
any alchoholic sthnulant is most decidedly unwise during the prog- 
ress of a match. A common drink is "oatmeal water," made by mix- 
ing the raw cereal with water and allowing the sediment to settle. 
This makes one of the most healthful of beverages when one is heated 
and thirsty. Do not drink too much at once ; .rather increase the 
number and diminish the amount of your potations. 

In regard to clothing there can be no question but that, from a sci- 
entific point of view, flannels are the best:thing that can be worn 
during exercise. The feeling of flannel is, however, distasteful to 
many, and clothing of linen or cotton duck is substituted; but care 
should be taken to avoid a chill at the close of the exercise. A loose 
shirt and trousers seems to be the favorite istyle of garment, though 
many players prefer long woUen stockings and knickerbockers. In- 
dividual taste is generally used in the selection of shade hats and the 
preference varies from the long visored beak-like jockey caps, to the 
broad-brimmed straw hat. 

A complete change of clothing should be made at the conclusion of 
play a cool bath taken, and warmer garments resumed. Never sit 
or stand round a court after the end of a contest when you are moist 
and hot. If you are compelled to wait any appreciable time between 
sets or short matches, put on a "sweater." Do not sit on the ground 
while heated unless you are anxious to contract rheumatism. 

The gist of these remarks is not to run any unnecessary risk and 
to take all reasonable care of your health and strength. 



THE SINGLE GAME. 
The single game of lawn tennis is played with one man on either 
side of the net, or in other words (each [man plays for himself. The 
"server" is the term applied to the man who starts the haU, his op- 



12 



LAWN TENNIS. 




POSITION OP RACK&T IN 



liAWN TENNIS. 13 

portent h^ing known as the "receiver" or "striker-out." The server 
must stand, to deliver the^rst service, just outside the base line and 
a little to the right of the middle line of the court (SI). His object is 
to hit the ball over the^net so that it will strike.in the court (1) of his 
opponent, diagonally opposite the server. The receiver stands in a 
position (Rl) to return the ball after^ it'has bounded once in court 1. 
The object of the receiver is to return the ball so that it will strike 
somewhere within the outside limits of the server's court. If the 
server fails to start the ball by hitting it into thecourt 1, he makes 
what is known as a "fault;" and, if upon another trial he again 
makes a fault, he loses the first point. If, however, in either of these 
two trials he successfully puts the ball'into court 1, it then depends 
on the receiver to protect himself. The receiver must return the 
ball on the first bound and if he fails so to do, or hits it into the net, 
or hits it over the net but outside of the server's court, then the re- 
ceiver loses and the server gains one point. After the first return of 
the ball by the receiver either player may hit the ball either on the 
bound or "volley" it. To volley a ball is simply to hit it while it is 
in the air before it has touched the ground at all ; but, however the 
ball is returned, it must not be hit into the net or outside of the ad- 
verse party's court, and if this is done the party making the error 
loses the point. 

After ihe first point has thus been played the server takes the posi- 
tion S2 and attempts to serve the ^ball into court 2. Thus the first 
game proceeds, the service being delivered alternately into the right 
or left courts. The server in the first game becomes the receiver in 
the next, and so f)n in alternation. 

Just a word slS to scoring. The first point counts 15 for the win- 
ner, the second 15 more making 30, the third 10 making 40, and the 
next point wins the game unless both parties>re each 40 (technically 
known as ."deuce"), when two successive ^ints by one party are 
required to win the game. The player who first wins six games wins 
the set, except in the contingency of the score having arrived at five 
games each ; in this case two successive^'games must be won to con- 
clude the set.; 

In the foregoing description I have tried to explain as concisely as 
possible the bare rudimentary essentials of the single game, facts 
which anybody who has ever played the game or seen it played are 
perfectly familiar with. It will now be my object to attempt to 
Illustrate and describe, as well as may be, some of Its less familiar 



liAWN TENNIS. 



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3 


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TnL6INGLE.GAME. 



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"BASE UNE"GAnE: 



liAWN TENNIS. 15 

principles, and to begin withfit will be well to have a clear under- 
standing of the principal strokes by which the ball is hit. 



SERVING. 
To serve the ball is simply to start it in the manner which will 
prove most effective for the server. Formerly the service was 
delivered in two principal ways, viz., either overhand or underhand, 
but at present the latter method is very little used. An overhand 
stroke may in general be described to be the manner of hitting the 
ball when it is above the elbow; an underhand stroke when it is 
below the elbow. The two important factors in serving are accuracy 
and speed, and it must be stated as a general rule that any attempt 
to increase the speed beyond a certain point is attended with a pro- 
portionate loss of accuracy. It is therefore the object of every ex- 
pert to perfect his service to that point where he obtains the maxi- 
mum amount of both accuracy and speed. Many players prefer to 
lay aside entirely all question of speed, and devote their attention to 
the accuracy of their service and the strategy in Its delivery. The 
wear and tear in the delivery of a very swift service is very exhaust- 
ing and is decidedly unadvlsable in long matches. The manner of 
"placing" the service will be considered later. 



BECEIVING. 

To receive a served ball is simply to get in the best possible imdsI- 
tion for its effective return. This will be described and illustrated 
later. 



LOBBING. 
Lobbing is merely to toss the ball in the air so that it will pass 
over your opponent's head if he happens to be in the front part of his 
court. Care must be taken to see that the ball does not strike out- 
side the court. This stroke, if correctly played at the right time, is 
one of the most effective of any in the game and is by no means as 
simple as it looks. 

PLACING. 
This term signifies the act of returning the bail to such part of 



16 



LAWN TENNIS. 








SERVING. 



LAWN TENNIS. 17 

your opponent's court that, although striking within the required 
bounds, yet will be impossible or diflftcult for the return stroke to be 
made. 



SMASHING. 

This name is applied to a stroke made by a player who is standing 
comparatively near the net, by which he risks everything in putting 
all his force into the speed of the stroke, trusting to such great speed 
to make it impossible for the ball to be successfully returned. 



DRIVING. 

The term is applied to a long, fairly swift stroke, whether forehand 
or backhand, wnich passes pretty close to the top of the net. 



THE BASE-LINE OR BACK-COURT STYLE OF GAME. 

In playing expert single lawn tennis there may be said to be two 
general styles of play; one called the "net or volley game," the 
other the "base-line" game. We will consider the latter first. As 
the term implies, the player keeps a position well back in the court, 
making most of his returns from the bound of the ball and doing 
almost no volleying. Of course, in this form of play it is absolutely 
impossible to "pass" the player (that is, get the ball past him), but 
when the base-line player finds himself opposed to a skillful net man, 
the latter will so turn the ball off at such a short angle as to make it 
next to impossible for the former to get the ball back more than a few 
times. To illustrate what I mean, suppose A to be the player who 
prefers the base-line style of game and B the more venturesome net 
player. After a pass or two A sends the ball to position X and im^ 
mediately retreats to his base-line situation (A). B will volley the 
ball at X and se^nd it say to O. A will be ready for it just back of O 
and will return it in the direction W. This is what B has been wait- 
ing for, and he jumps to W and volleys the ball at a sharp angle in 
the direction Y. If B's stroke is skillfully made, the ball strikes at Y 
and bounds the second time before A can run over. Of course^ B 
must be very quick and sharp in his play and runs great risk of hav- 
ing his return strike outside instead of inside the Imes. 



»8 



LAWN TENNIS. 




(WAirma poe the sektioe.) 



LAWN TENNIS. 19 

To keep up a base-line game during a long match requires very- 
great endurance. The net game is sharper and requires most in- 
stantaneous exertion while it lasts, but it does not last anywhere 
nearly the time consumed by two steady, patient and interminable 
base-line players. Mr. Eichard Stevens has in the past been the 
great exponent of the base line game, but I am told that even he 
intends mending his ways and will in future vary his style of play by 
a little net work. ! 



THE NET GAME. 

While the base-line game is essentially a defensive, Fabian sort of 
procedure, the net game, from first to last, is exactly the opposite, 
being almost entirely devoted to offensive tactics. The theory of the 
net game is very easy to state, being simply to play as close to the 
net as by experience you find it advisable to, and to volley every ball 
that you possibly can ; then if you have quick judgment and good en- 
durance, and are agile and nervy, after say two years' hard practice 
you may become a good net player, provided the Lord built you that 
way. In playing a volley game remember that the closer you are to 
the net the greater amount of court which you leave unprotected, 
both behind and on either side, and very often as the result of a faulty 
or ill-judged stroke, you will be forced to run to the back of your 
court in order to avoid being passed. 

While the majority of experts are now agreed that a judicious net 
game is the most effective, yet all are by no means of one mind as to 
the advisability of "running up on your service," as it is called. To 
explain : To run up on your service is simply to serve the ball and 
then instantly to spring to your position in the center of the court 
near the net. This play has two prominent drawbacks ; first, you 
open yourself to a very good chance of being passed, and secondly, 
you waste a large amount of strength in running up on a service 
which turns out to be a fault. 

If, however, you think you would like to attempt the play— and in 
some cases it has become an effective move of certain experts, who 
seem particularly fitted by nature for this style of agile work — a few 
suggestions will help you to protect your territory as far as possible, 
notwithstanding your prompt advance to the center of the court. 
We will suppose the server, standing at A (Fig. I), to serve the ball so 
that it bounds at X. Before the ball has really hit the ground at X, 



LAWN TENNIS, 



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LAWN TENNIS. 21 

a quick net player will be ready for the return at O, near the middle 
of his court. The ball bounding at X will be met by the adverse party 
at about P. Now such opponent has two courses open to him : he 
can either return the ball "down the line" to W, or he can send it di- 
agonally across the court towards Z, the server at O in the mean- 
while being, of course, ignorant as to which direction the ball will 
take, and being unable to make the slightest movement one way for 
fear that it will bo the signal for his adversary to send the ball in 
the other direction. The server must in this case meet the ball at 
either W or Z. Now let us imagine that the server sends the ball so 
that, bounding at X (Fig. II.) it is met by the receiver at P. The re- 
ceiver can now return the ball either to W or Z, but in either contin- 
gency the server, from his position at 0, can more easily spring for- 
ward to M or N, and the result of such return stroke by the server 
leaves him near his coveted position at the net and in a much more 
central position than was the result of the return as shown in Fig. 
I. The beneficial effects of this manner of placing the service are 
shown much clearer in actual practice than by any number of dia- 
grams. 

I think that these imperfect diagrams will show, that, In running 
up on your service, the safest results are secured by serving the ball 
comparatively close to the middle line of the court. 

A few general suggestions as to the single game, which apply equally 
as well to the double game, may be of use. Practice steadily, almost 
every day if possible, and while you are playing, do so with all your 
might; don't "loaf" in your play. Play with those who are your su- 
periors in preference to those you can beat, and try to improve in the 
certainty of your individual strokes. Strive for accuracy at first in 
preference to great speed and avoid any attempts to make a phenom- 
enal or "gallery" shot in order to please the ladies. For every such 
successful "gallery" stroke you are sure to lose four or five subse- 
quent attempts and the final result is a low average. And finally I 
say, that the only way to get to be an expert tennis player, as in everj- 
other occupation, is to keep everlastingly at it. If you do and you are 
built in the necessary way, you will probably satisfy your ambitions. 



THE DOUBLE GAME. 
The double game is played by two contestants on each side of the 
net, and the court is a little larger than the single court. The ser- 



22 liAWN TENNIS. 

vice is takem by each of the four players alternately. There Is prob- 
ably much more chance for skillful generalship to be exercised in the 
double game than in the single, and the expert pair can always bo 
easily distinguished from the ambitious novices by the clock-work 
regularity by which each of the former team makes his returns, never 
even attempting to return a ball which lies in his partner's province . 

With two players on either side of the net, it is of course essential 
that each should have his particular territory to cover and for which 
lie should be solely responsible. Formerly it was considered that 
the better way was for one player to cover the front part of the court 
and the net, while the other looked after the back portion of the 
court and attended to all balls which came ever the net man's head. 
With the rapid advance of the game this method of play is now gen- 
erally abandoned and both players stand in about the same relative 
position in the court, both advancing together towards the net or re- 
tiring therefrom as the battle progresses. Let me illustrate. Sup- 
pose A and B to be contesting against C and D, A having the first 
service. A stands in the position as shown in the diagram, a little to 
the right of the service position in a single court. B, his-partner, will 
either take position close to the net or well back in the court. 
C stands ready waiting for the service while D, his partner, usually 
takes position at 1 D. The moment the service is delivered both A 
and B move forward to posittohs somewhere near X and Z, almost on 
the service line. After C returns the service he and D come forward 
also to situations near the service line. Each partner now has his 
particular half of the court to cover, and woe be it for the domestic 
peace of the combination should one player be enticed into his con- 
frere's portion of the court. The result is usually a collision, smoth- 
ered blessings, and a wonder as to where the fool-killer is. 

It has been remarked that a cardinal rule of double tennis is, "when 
in doubt abuse your partner." I have met several pairs of players 
during the ^ast five years whose vocal accompaniment was consid- 
ered a most entertaining part of their play, but invariably at a criti- 
cal point their expressed ill humor probably was the cause of their 
defeat. Therefore I say, never find fault with your partner, and the 
less praise or suggestion that you make to him the better. Attend 
strictly to your own business in the game, and keep your mouth closed. 
Your faulty partner is probably just as well aware of his bad stroke 
as you are, and feels much worse. "Silence is golden," especially in 
double tennis. 



LAWN a?Eimis. 



23 




TME DOUBLE CAME- 



24 LAWN TENNIS. 

LAWN TENNIS AS A GAME FOR WOMEN. 

In a very few words I can tell all I know about this subject, and no 
matter how brief I make it, I shall probably think later that it was 
much too long. Lawn tennisj"as she is played" is most picturesque and 
entertaining to look at, and many young women of this country have 
obtained by steady practice, a most enviable amount of skill at the 
game. The annual tournament to decide the lady championship of 
the United States is held at Philadelphia each June, and is the scene 
of a most charming "War of the Eoses," the contestants coming from 
all over the Eastern States to take part. 

The present lady champion is Miss Mabel Esmonde Cahill, of New 
York, who is undoubtedly the most skillful feminine exponent of the 
game on this continent. 

Here is a little advice which I once heard one girl give another. 
Wear tennis shoes of sufficient size; dress loosely and simply; never 
mind those very "fetching" creations that some other girls wear, for 
she is probably doing the watching while you are doing the playing ; 
don't play too much, and the game of lawn tennis will add to your 
stock of health and happiness, to say nothing of your strength and 
the clearness of your complexion. 

I may add one caution from personal observation rdon't sit on the 
ground when heated at the close of a match. 

A FEW REMARKS ON TOURNAMENTS AND THEIR MAN- 



AGEMENT. 
To manage a tournament successfully m not so easy as it seems, 
not by a good deal. In getting up a tourney, the flrst thing 
to do is to select for the referee a man who is willing to work hard 
and who has some executive ability. He must be a sort of "head 
center" and have the entire authority to manage affairs. He should 
have plenty of assistants, and'everybody connected with the tourna- 
ment should report directly to him for instructions. The drawing 
should be made under his supervision and after once drawn should 
never be changed. He should notify each contestant when and 
where to play, and very few if any excuses for postponement should 
be allowed. He should see that all balls, umpires, linemen, etc., 
are provided and he must be able to stand heartrending complaints 
like a missionary. 



LAWN TENNIS. 25 

And -vrhen the tournament is over, and he has recovored his mental 
equilibrium, the club should put him on its honorary list and pension 
him for life. 



BECORDS OF 1892. 

Lady championships of America, held at Philadelphia, Pa.— Singles 
won by Miss Mabel Esmonde Cahill, of New York; doubles won by 
Miss Mabel Esmonde Cahill and Miss McKinley, of New York; 
mixed doubles won by Miss Mabel Esmonde Cahill and Clarence 
Hobart, of New York. Winner of all-comers tournament. Miss Bes- 
sie Moore, of Hohokus, N. J. 

National championships, held at' Newport, B. I.— Singles won by 
Oliver S. Campbell, of Brooklyn, N.;Y.; doubles won byBobertP. 
Huntington, Jr., and Oliver S. Campbell. Winner of all-comers 
tournament, Frederick H. Hovey, Newton, Mass. 

National Eastern double championship, held at Saratoga Springs, 
N. Y.— Won by Valentine G. Hall and Edward L. Hall, New York. 

National Western double championship, held at Chicago, Ills.— 
Won by J. A. Byerson and J. W. Carver, Chicago. 

Tropical championship, '.held at St. Augustine, Fla.— Won by C. A. 
Grinstead, Florida. 

Gulf championship, held at Tampa Bay— Won by A. E. Wright. 

Southern championship, held >t Washington, D. C— Won by Ed- 
ward L. Hall, New York. 

New England championship, held at New Haven, Conn.— Won by 
Edward L. Hall. 

Interscholastic championship, held at Cambridge, Mass.— Won by 
Malcolm G. Chace, Providence, B. I. 

Middle States championship, held at Orange, N. J.— Men's singles 
'^von by Blchard Stevens, Hoboken, N. J.; ladies' singles won by Miss 
Schultz, of New York ; men's doubles won by Clarence Hobart and 
Edward P. McMullen, of New York. 

Westchester tourney, held at Westchester, N. Y.— Won by Bichard 
Stevens, Hoboken, N. J. 

Tuxedo tourney, held at Tuxedo Park, N. Y.— Won by Edward L. 
Hall. 

■ Longwood championship, held at Boston, Mass.— Won by Frederick 
H- Hovey, Newton, Mass. 

Long Island championships, held at Southampton, L. I. — Singles 



26 LAWN TENNIS. 

won by Edward L. Hall ; doubles won by V. G. Halland E. L. Hall ; 
mixed doubles won by Miss Sallie Homans and M. F. Prosser, Engle- 
wood, N. J. 

New York State single championships, held at Saratoga Springs; 
N. Y.— Won by W. Percy Knapp, New York. 

Nahant tournament, held at Nahant, Mass.— Won by Edward L. 
Hall, New York. 

Bar Harbor tourney, held at Mount Desert, Me.— Won by Robert 
D. Wrenn, Cambridge, Mass. 

Intercollegiate championships, held at New Haven, Ctonn.— singles 
won by W. A. Lamed, Cornell University ; doubles won by R. D. 
Wrenn and F. B. Winslow, Harvard University. 



s 



LAWN TEJmiS. 



2^ 



LAWS OF LAWN TENNIS, 

As Adopted, Revised and Amended by the United 

States National Lawn Tennis Association, 

at Annual Convention 1892. 



THE COURT. 

I. The Court is 78 feet long, and 27 feet wide. It is 
divided across the middle by a net, the ends of which are 
attached to two posts, A and B, standing 3 feet outside of 



B 



N 



18 



£1 



21 



18 



H 



K 

39 



the court on either side. The height of the net is 3 feet 6 
inches at the posts, and 3 feet at the middle. At each end 
of the court, parallel with the net, and 39 feet from it, are 
drawn the base lines DE and FG, the ends of which are 
connected by the side lines DF and EG. Half way be- 
tween side lines, and parallel with them, is drawn the half- 
court line IH, dividing the spare on each side of the net 



28 tiAWK I^E^KId. 

into two equal parts, the right and left courts. On eacli 
side of the net, at a distance of 21 feet from it, and parallel 
with it, are drawn the service lines KL and MN. 

THE BALLS. 

2. The Balis shall be the Wright & Ditson, shall 
measure not less than 2^ inches, nor more than 2}^ inches 
in diameter ; and shall weigh not less than iH oz8., nor 
more than two ozs. 

THE GAME. 

3. The choice of sides and the right to serve in the first 
game shall be decided by toss ; provided, that if the winner 
of the toss choose the right to serve, the other player shall 
have choice of sides, and vice versa, or the winner of the 
toss may insist upon a choice by his opponent. If one 
player chooses the court, the other may elect not to serve, 

4. The players shall stand on opposite sides of the net ; 
the player who first delivers the ball shall be called the 
server, and the other the striker-out. 

5. At the end of the first game the striker-out shall be- 
come server, and the server shall become striker-out ; and 
so on alternately in all the subsequent games of the set, 
or series of sets. 

6. The Server shall serve with one foot on the ground, 
immediately behind the base line ; the other foot may be 
anywhere, except touching the base line or the ground 
within the court. He shall deliver the service from the right 
to the left courts, alternately ; beginning from the right. 

7. The ball served must drop between the service line, 
half-court line, and side line of the court, diagonally op- 
posite to that from which it was served. 

8. It is a Fault if the server fails to strike the ball, or if 
the ball served drops in the net, or beyond the service line. 



La-wn o^iamis. 29 

or out of court, of in the wrong court ; or if the server 
does not stand as directed by law 6. 

9. A fault cannot be taken. 

10. After a fault the server shall serve again from the 
same court from which he served that fault, unless it was 
a fault because he served from the wrong court. 

11. A fault cannot be claimed after the next service is 
delivered. 

12. The server shall not serve till the striker-out is ready. 
If the latter attempts to return the service he shall be 
deemed ready. 

13. A service or fault delivered when the striker-out is 
not ready, counts for nothing. 

14. The service shall not be volleyed, i. e.^ taken, before 
it has touched the ground. 

15. A ball is in play on le'aving the server's racquet 
except as provided for in law 8. 

16. It is a good return, although the ball touches the net; 
but a service, otherwise good, which touches the net, 
shall count for nothing. 

17. The server wins a stroke if the striker-out volleys 
the service, or if he fails to return the service or the ball 
in play ; or if he returns the service or the ball in play so 
that it drops outside of his opponent's court ; or if he 
otherwise loses a stroke, as provided by law 20, 

18. The striker-out wins a stroke if the server serves 
two consecutive faults ; or if he fails to return the ball in 
play; or if he returns the ball in play so that it drops out- 
side of his opponent's court ; or if he otherwise loses a 
stroke, as provided by law 20. 

19. A ball falling on a line is regarded as falling in the 
court boimded by that line. 

20. Either player loses a stroke if the ball touches him, 
or an)^ing that he wears or carries, except his racquet 



j«^ 



So tiAWN TENNIS. 

in the act of striking ; or if he touches the ball "with his 
racquet more than once; or if he touches the net or any of 
its supports while the ball is in play ; or if he volleys the 
ball before it has passed the net. 

21. In case a player is obstructed by any accident, not 
within his control, the ball shall be considered a ** let." 
But where a permanent fixture of the court is the cause of 
the accident the point shall be counted. The benches 
and chairs placed around the court shall be considered 
permanent fixtures. If, however, a ball in play strikes a 
permanent fixture of the court (other than the net or 
posts), before it touches the ground, the point is lost ; if 
after it has touched the ground, the point shall be counted. 

22. On either player winning his first stroke, the score 
is called 15 for that player ; on either player winning his 
second stroke, the score i^ called 30 for that player ; on 
either player winning his third stroke, the stroke is called 
40 for that player ; and the fourth stroke won by either 
player is scored game for that player, except as below : 
If both players have won three strokes, the score is called 
deuce; and the next stroke won by either player is scored 
advantage for that player. If the same player wins the 
next stroke, he wins the game ; if he loses the next stroke 
the score returns to deuce ; and so on until one player 
wins the two strokes immediately following the score of 
deuce, when game is scored for that player. 

23. The player who first wins six games, wins the set, 
except as below : If both players win five games, the 
bcore is called games all; and the next game won by 
either player is scored advantage game for that player. 
If the same player wins the next game he wins the set ; 
if he loses the next game, the score returns to games all ; 
and so on until either player wins the two games imme- 
diately following the score of games all, when he wins 



LAWN TENNIS. 31 

the set. But the committee having charge of any tourna- 
ment may, in their discretion, modify this rule by the 
omission of advantage sets. 

24. The players shall change sides at the end of 
every set, but the umpire, on appeal from either 
player before the toss for choice, shall direct the 
players to change sides at the end of the first, 
third, fifth and every succeeding alternate game of 
each set; but if the appeal be made after the toss 
for choice the umpire may only direct the play- 
ers to change sides at the end of the first, 
third, fifth and every succeeding alternate game 
of the odd or deciding set. If the players change 
courts in the alternate games throughout the match 
as above, they shall play in the first game of 
each set after the first in the courts in which they 
respectively did not play in 'the first game of the 
set immediately preceding. 

25. When a series of sets is played, the player who 
served in the last game of one set shall be striker-out in 
the first game of the next. 

26. lu all contests the play shall be continuous from 
the first service until the match be concluded, provided, 
however, that between all sets after the second set, either 
player is entitled to a rest, which shall not exceed seven 
minutes, and, provided further, that in case of an unavoid- 
able accident, not within the control of the contestants; 
a cessation of play which shall not exceed two minutes 
may be allowed between points, but this proviso shall 
be strictly construed, and the privilege never granted for 
the purpose of allowing a player to recover his strength 
or wind. The umpire, in his discretion, may at any time 
postpone the match on account of darkness or condition 
of the grouna or weather, lu my case of postponement 



LAWN TENNIS. 



the previous score shall hold good. Where tlie play has 
ceased for more than an hour, the player who at the cessa- 
tion thereof was in the court first choSen, shall have the 
choice of courts on the recommencement of play. He shall 
stay in the court he chooses for the remainder of the set. 

The last two sentences of this rule do not apply when 
the players change every alternate game, as provided by 
Rule 24. 

27 The above laws shall apply to the three-handed and 
four-handed games, except as below ; 



THE THREE-HANDED AND FOUR-HANDED 
GAMES. 

A 



K' 



,M. 



^ 



M, 



ft 



^ 



28, For the three-handed and four-handed games the 
court shall be 36 feet in width ; 4)4 feet inside the side 
lines, and parallel with them are drawn the service side 
lines KM and LN. The service lines are not drawn beyond 
the point at which they meet the service side lines, as 
shown in the diagram. 

29. In the three-handed game, the single player shall 
serve in eyery alteniate game. 



iiA-WN TENNIS. 33 

30. In the four-handed game, the pair who have the 
right to serve in the first game shall decide which partner 
shall do so ; and the opposing pair shall decide in like 
manner for the second game. The partner of the player 
who served in the first game shall serve in the third, and 
the partner of the player who served in the second game 
shall serve in the fourth, and the same order shall be 
maintained in all the subsequent games of the set. 

31. At the beginning of the next set either partner of 
the pair which struck out in the last game of the last set 
may serve ; and the same privilege is given to their op- 
ponents in second game of the new set. 

32. The players shall take the service alternately 
throughout the game ; a player cannot receive a service 
delivered to his partner; and the order of service and 
striking-out once established shall not be altered, nor shall 
the striker-out change courts to receive the service, till 
the end of the set. 

33. If a player serve out of his turn, the umpire, as soon 
as the mistake is discovered, shall direct the player to 
serve who ought to have served. But all strokes scored 
before such discovery shall be counted. If a game shall 
have been completed before such discovery, then the 
service in the next alternate game shall be delivered by 
the player who did not serve out of his turn, and so on 
in regular rotation. 

34. It is a fault if the ball served does not drop between 
the service line, half-court line, and service side line of 
the court, diagonally opposite to that from which it was 
served. 

35. It is a fault if the ball served does not drop as pro- 
vided in law 34, or if it touches the server's partner or 
anything he wears or carries. 

36. There shall be a referee for every tournament, 



54 iiAWN TENNIS. 

whose name shall be stated in the circulaf announcing 
such tournament. He shall have general charge of the 
matches, under the instructions and advice of the manag- 
ing committee, with such power and authority as may be 
given him by these rules and by said committee. He 
shall notify the committee in case he intends to leave the 
grounds during the matches, and the committee shall 
appoint a substitute to act, with like powers, during his 
absence. There shall be an umpire for each match, and 
as many linesmen as the players desire. The umpire 
may act as linesman also. The umpire shall have general 
charge of the match, and shall decide upon and call "lets," 
and also decide whether the player took the ball on the 
first or second bounce. The umpire shall also decide any 
question of interpretation or construction of the rules that 
may arise. The decision of the umpire upon any question 
of fact, or where a discretion is allowed to him under 
/ these rules, shall be final. Any player, however, may- 

protest against any interpretation or construction of the 
rules by the umpire, and appeal to the referee. The de- 
cision of the referee upon such appeal should be final. 

The court shall be divided between the linesmen, and 
it shall be their only duty to decide, each for his share of 
the court, where the ball touched the ground, except, 
however, the linesmen for the base lines, who shall also 
call foot faults. The linesmen's decisions shall be final. 
If a lineman is unable to give a decision because he did 
not see or is uncertain of the fact, the umpire shall decide 
or direct the stroke to be played again, 

ODDS. 
37. A Bisque is one point which can be taken by the 
receiver of the odds at any time in the set, except as follows: 



LAWN TENNIS. 36 

(a.) A bisque eaunot be taken after a service is delivered. 
(d.) The server may not take a bisque after a fault, but 
the striker-out may do so. 

38. One or more bisques may be given to increase or 
diminish other odds. 

39. Half fifteen is one stroke given at the beginning of 
the second, fourth, and every subsequent alternate game 
of a set. 

40. Fifteen is one stroke given at the beginning of 
every game of a set. 

41. Half thirty is one stroke given at the beginning of 
the first game, two strokes given at the beginning of the 
second game, and so on alternately in all the subsequent 
games of the set. 

42. Thirty is two strokes given at the beginning of 
every game of the set. 

43. Half forty is two strokes given at the beginning of 
the first game, three strokes given at the beginning of 
the second game, and so on alternately in all the subse- 
quent games of the set. 

44. Forty is three strokes given at the beginning of 
every game of a set. 

45. Half Court : the players may agree into which half 
court, right or left, the giver of the odds shall play ; and 
the latter loses a stroke if the ball returned by him drops 
outside any of the lines which bound that half court. 

46. Owed odds are where the giver of the odds starts 
behind scratch. 

47. Owe half fifteen is one stroke owed at the begin- , 
ning of the first, third, and every subsequent alternate 
game of a set. 

48. Owe fifteen is one stroke owed at the beginning of 
every game of a set. 

49. Owe half thirty is two strokes owed at the begin- 



36 Lawn teni^iS. 

ning of the first game, one stroke owed at the beginning 
of the second game, and so on alternately through all the 
subsequent games of the set. 

50. Owe thirty is two strokes owed at the beginning oj 
every game of a set. 

51. Owe half forty is three strokes owed at the begin- 
ning of the first game, two strokes owed at the beginning 
of the second game, and so on alternately in all subse- 
quent games of the set. 

52. Owe forty is three strokes owed at the beginning of 
every game of a set 




liAWN TENNIS. 

NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP. 



37 



WINNER. 

1881, R. D. Sears, 

1882, R. D. Sears, 

1883, R. D. Sears, 

1884, R. D. Sears, 
188s, R. D. Sears. 

1886, R. D. Sears 

1887, R. D. Sears, 

1888, H. W. Slocum, Jr., 

1889, H. W. Slocum, Jr., 

1890, O. S. Campbell, 

1891, O. S. Campbell, 

1892, O. S. Campbell, 



SINGLES. 



ALL COMERS. 



H. A. Taylor, 
G. M. Brinley, 
R. L. Beepkman. 
H. W. Slocum, Jr. 
H. W. Slocum. Jr. 
Q. A. Shaw, Jr., 
O. S. Campbell, 
C. Hobart, 
F. H. Hovey, 



RUNNER-UP. 

W. E. Glyn. 
C. M. Clark. 
Jas. D wight. 
W. V. S. Thome. 
W. P. Kn4pp. 
H. A. Taylor. 
H. A. Taylor. 
H. A. Taylor. 
O. S. Campbell. 
W. P. Knapp. 
F. H. Hovey. 
W. A. Lamed. 



DOUBLES. 



WINNERS. 

x88i, C. M. Clark, 

F. Taylor, 
i88a, Jas. D wight, 

R. D. Sears, 
1883, Jas, Dwight, 

R. D. Sears, 
X884, Jas. Dwight, 

R. D. Sears, 

1885, J. S. Clark, 
R. D. Sears, 

1886, Jas. Dwight, 
R. D. Sears, 

1887, Jas. Dwight, 
R. D. Sears, 

x888. O. S. Campbell, 
V. G. Half, 

1889, H. W. Slocum, Jr., 
H. A. Taylor, 

1890, C. Hobart, 
V. G. Hall. 

xSgi, O. S, Campbell, 

R. P. Huntington, Jr., 

1892, O. S. Campbell, 
• R, P. Huntington, 

CHALLENGERS AT NEWPORT— WESTERN CHAMPIONSHIP. 

J. A. Ryerson, Samuel T. Chase. 



RUNNERS-UP. 

A. Van Rensselaer. 

A. Newbold. 

J. M. Smith. 

C. A. Nightingale. 

A. Van Rensselaer. 

A. Newbold. 

A. Van Rensselaer. 

W. V. R. Berry. 

H. W. Slocum, Jr. 

W. P. Knapp. 

G. M. Brinley. 

H. A. Taylor. 

H. W. Slocum, Jr. 

H. A. Taylor. 

E. P. MacMuUen. 

C. Hobart. 

O. S. Campbell. 

V. G. Hall, 

(At Staten Island.) 

O. S. Campbell, 

R. P. Huntinertocu Jr. 

J. S. Clark. 

H. W. Slocum. 

E. L. Hall. 

V. G. Hall. 



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CHICAGO, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA. 



Athletes, Cyclists, Baseball and Footballistsy 
Horseback Riders, Boxers and Oarsmen; 



i^TI-STIFF 




SlREH^HENS^ 
^E— fRlitUSCtES 

A marvelous preparation ! 

Quick in its action, clean and pleasant 
to use. 

Eub well into the muscles each nighty 
and in a short time you will be convinced 
of its strengthening and stimulating pro- 
perties. 

Prices 20c. and 36 c. per l>ox; trainer's 
size, $1. 

E. FOWM & CO,, Agents for U. S., 30 N, WUM SI, N. t 



SPALDINQ'S 

IflFROYED TENNI5 F0LE5. 

TENNIS POLES. 

No. Pair 

Spaldlng'8 Cavendish Poles 6 $10 CQ 

Taylor's Tennis Poles 10 600 

" H 750 

Wooden Posts with Iron Sockets. .7 6 00 

Ordinary Jointed Poles 1 100 

Good •• •• 2 150 

Best Polished Jointed Poles 3 200 

Ordinary Standard Poles 4 75 

Same as No. 4. Iron Spike 4X 1 00 

Fine Polished Iron Spike Poles. . ..4A 1 50 

Fine Ebonite Iron Spike Poles 3 00 

Hall's Patent Poles 7 00 




FORKS. 

No. Each 

Lawn Tennis Net Forks i 51 oo 

;; '! ;; ;; 2 100 

'♦ " " 3 75 




MARKING PLATES. Retail 

No. Set 

For Marking Angles ,, 1 $i po 

Each 

Obear Olove, Light and Cool $1 00 

Knitted Tennis Ball Holder 50 

Rubber Handle Covers .' , 50 

MARKING TAPES. 

Each 

Tapes for Single Court §4 00 

" Double •• 5 00 

Extra Staples, per IGO 75 



A. Q. SPALDING & BROS., 

Chioago, New York, PmiiADEiiPHLA.. 




s 



PORTSMEN'S WEAR . 

AND EQUIPMENT 



S 



of the various lines we manufacture, we retail only 

HUNTING CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENTS 

and these only in localities wiiere dealers 

do not carry our g-oods. ^|^ 

Catalogues and samples of this Department mailed free 
upon application. 



GEO. BARNARD & CO., 



1, 3 and 5 Bond Street, 
New York. 



199 and 201 Madison Street, 
Chicago. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



MWN TENN15 




005 900 279 P • 




Retail 

No. Each 

The ToumamontSlocum, Finest White Qnt. Mahogany Handle, ll ?7 00 

TheTournamentSlocum, Oval Handle. Oriental A White Gut. 12 TOO 

The Slocum. with Cane Spliced Handle 13 10 00 

The Tournament Blocum, Finest White Gut, Cork Handles.... IIC 7 50 
The Slocum Standard, Fine Red and Oriental B White Gut, 

Cedar Handles 9 5 00 

The Slocum Standard, Fine Bed and Oriental B White Gut, 

Cork Handle 9C 5 50 

TheSlocnm Junior. Oriental Gut, Good Quality, Cedar Handle. 8 4 00 

TheSlocum Junior. Cork Handle 80 4 50 

The Ladles' Special. White Oriental Gut, Cedar Handle 6 6 00 

The Ladles' Special, White Oriental Gut. Cork Handle 6C 6 50 

The Windermere, LarR' Frame, Cedar Handle 7 4 00 

The Windermere. Large Frame, Cork Handle 7C 4 50 

The Lakeside, with Cedar Handles 5 3 00 

The Greenwood, with Cedar Handle 4 250 

The Geneva, with Cedar Handle S 2 00 

The Favorite, with Cedar Handle 2 150 

The Practice 1 100 

tRESTRINQING RACKETS. Each 

ong with Good American Gut $125 

'■ Best " " 175 

I •• Extra QuBlIty English Gut 2 75 

RACKET COVERS. no. Each 

Made of Green Felt 1 $ 50 

" Canvas 2 100 

" Grain Leather 3 200 

•' Mackintosh 4 150 

'■ Heavy Sole Leather 5 40O 

RACKET PRESSES. no. Each 

Plain White Wood 1 $1 uo 

Polished Ash , 2 125 

" 3 200 

" Cherry Lined 4 250 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 

CHICAGO. NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA. 



n 



^. U SLZ 006 900 




SSBdONOD dO AdUdSin 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



■ 



005 900 279 P -r 



